Cancer shows devastating discriminatory pattern against with many solid non-reproductive cancers demonstrating significant excess mortality and morbidity in men when compared with women. This pattern has been demonstrated globally, and shows a high correlation across multiple epidemiological studies. Even when controlling for stage, age and smoking status, men’s survival has consistently been shown through epidemiologic and clinical data, to be poorer than women’s. Despite this, there has been a failure to translate these findings into clinical and research paradigms, which no doubt has had negative implications for the health and well-being of men and women with cancer, as well as potential implications for resource allocation and research success. This paper will outline the impact and the importance of sex disaggregation in research and clinical paradigms in oncology, with a particular focus on lung cancer.